Attendance of practicals (at least 90%), final examination
Application of bacteria in industrial processes and for biochemicals production. Ethanol production - beer, wine, acetic acid and acetone production, production of antibiotics. Bioreactors, application of zeasts in industrial processes. Application of recombinant DNA techniques in industry. Lactic acid bacteria and its application in food industry – production of cheese and youghurt, probiotics. Microbiology in food quality control. Application of microorganisms in environment protection – microbiologgy of wastewater treatment, bioremediation, biofuels, microbiology of biogas plants.
Application of bacteria in industrial processes, biochemicals production. Application of recombinant DNA techniques in industry. Lactic acid bacteria and its application in food industry. Microbiology in food quality control. Application of microorganisms in environment protection – wastewater treatment, bioremediation, biofuels, microbiology of biogas plants.
Evaluation of practicals: 30%
Final evaluation:
Oral examination - 70%
The students will acquire in-depth knowledge on the important role of microoganisms in different fields like food (production of beer, wine, milk products, probiotics), chemical and pharmaceutical industry (production of vitamins, hormones, amino acids, enzymes, comodity chemicals), vaccines and their production, wastewater treatment, as well as microbial bioremediation, biofuels and biomining.
Completion of all practicals, completion of an excursion, plant determination test
1. Basic methods of field work I.
2. Basic methods of field work II.
3. Working with maps, orthophoto maps.
4. Determining habitats in practice I.
5. Determining biotopes in practice II.
6. Mapping in practice I.
7. Mapping in practice II.
8. Mapping in practice III.
9. Practical application of theoretical knowledge
10. Determination by keys vs. determination according to the atlas (application) in field
11. Basic methods of collection and conservation of plants. Basic methods of preserving and transporting plant material.
12. Field data processing in practice.
After completing the subject, the student should have some orientation skills in the field and practically apply the given knowledge and methods in field work. Emphasis is placed on the correct determination of biotopes, the search for selected groups of plants in nature, their determination, collection and determination in practice. Students will become familiar with the flora of the selected area and practical examples of species protection, the spread of invasive species and various botanical problems in natural and synanthropic habitats.
Completion of all practicals, completion of an excursion, plant determination test
recommended literature:
Purvis: Lichens (2000)
Ahmadjian The lichens (1973)
Nash: Lichen Biology (2008)
Ranković: Lichen secondary metabolites (2019)
1. 100% participation of exercises.
2. learn how to work with the key for determining lichens, practical use
3. show and demonstrate the knowledge acquired during the exercises in TLC, HPLC, NMR
4. be able to assemble the equipment necessary for the isolation of substances (e.g. secondary metabolites)
5. demonstrate theoretical knowledge in the field of lichenology in the form of an oral exam
slovak, english
1. introduction to the study of lichenology and concepts
2. history from antiquity to the present
3. Symbiosis and lichenism
4. the role of photobiont and mycobiont in lichenism
5. Lichen thallus, types and subtypes
6. reproduction and reproduction
7. secondary metabolism of lichens and biosynthetic pathways
8. biological and ecological role of lichens and their secondary metabolites
9. extraction of secondary metabolites of lichens
10. Methods for identification and separation of secondary metabolites: TLC (thin layer chromatography), column chromatography
11. Methods for identification: HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography)
12. Methods for identification: NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)
13. presentation of results from the practical part
After successfully completing the subject, the student should be able to use the key for identification of lower plants - lichens, understand and better understand the meaning of symbioses and thus specifically lichenism, understand the meaning of photobiont and mycobiont, be able to distinguish lichen from other lower plants in nature. The student should understand the significance of the secondary metabolites of lichens, how they are formed and how they are used in practice. As part of the practical part, methods for the isolation and identification of secondary metabolites such as spot-test, TLC, HPLC should be mastered. These methods are connected with basic knowledge of chemistry such as calculations, dilutions, preparation of solutions.
Cvrčková F. Úvod do praktické bioinformatiky. Česko: Academia, 2006. 148 s. ISBN 80-200-1360-1.
Brown, T. A. Genomes 3. 3rd ed. New York : Garland Science Publishing. 2007. 713 p. ISBN 0-8153-4138-5
Nei M, Kuma, S. Molecular Evolution and Phylogenetics. Oxford University Press. 2000. 333 p. ISBN 978-0195135855
Lemey P, Salemi M, Vandamme A-M. The Phylogenetic Handbook: A Practical Approach to Phylogenetic Analysis and Hypothesis Testing / Edition 2. Cambridge University Press. 2009. 750 p. ISBN 978-0521730716
Manuals for used software and online tools
Introduction to bioinformatics - definition and content of the subject, brief history, overview of basic tools for biological data processing.
Biological and biomedical databases I. - search and acquisition data - PubMed, GenBank, SwissProt.
Biological and biomedical databases II. - search and acquisition data - PDB, KEGG, OMIM, REBASE.
Sequence analysis - input/output data formats, analysis of biopolymer sequences with a focus on nucleic acids - analysis of chromatograms, assembly of sequences, use of MEGA tools, Unipro UGENE tools, CAP3 server, data publication in the GenBank database.
Pairwise sequence comparisons - local comparisons, use of blastn, blastp, blastx tools in the analysis of nucleic acid and protein sequences, setting of parameters, biological significance of obtained results.
Analysis of protein sequences - identification of protein motifs and domains, use of CDD and PFAM database.
Searching for open reading frames in nucleic acid sequences - use of various tools (ORFfinder, NEBcutter).
Restriction analysis - use of various tools for searching suitable enzymes for restriction analysis (REBASE, NEBcutter).
Design and verification of primers for PCR analysis - properties of primers, use of various tools (Primer3, Primer-BLAST).
Phylogenetic analysis - comparison of multiple sequences using Clustal, MUSCLE tools, analysis of evolutionary and phylogenetic relatedness of organisms - creation and analysis of phylogenetic trees, use of various construction methods, biological significance of obtained results
Sequencing of the new generation I. - brief overview of massive parallel sequencing methods, output formats of obtained data, use of Unix operating systems in data processing.
Next generation sequencing II. - whole-genome sequencing, de novo sequencing, mapping to the reference sequence.
Next generation sequencing III. - metagenomic analysis of environmental samples
Molecular identification of organisms - global sequence comparisons (EZ Taxon, UNITE database, BOLD system).
attendance at lectures and practicals (at least 80%), continuous evaluation of the performance of tasks, final examination
Introduction to Bionformatics, free accessible biological and biomedical databases, free available bioinformatics tools. Analysis of biopolymers - nucleic acids and proteins. Pairwise sequence comparisons, multiple sequence comparisons, analysis of evolutionary and phylogenetic relatedness of biopolymers, creation and analysis of phylogenetic trees, molecular identification of organisms.
The students will acquire basic knowledge of biological databases, acquisition and analysis of sequencing data, biological approaches in phylogenetic analysis, construction and interpretation of phylogenetic trees and methods for molecular identification of organisms
Aaron Ellison, Lubomír Adamec, 2017: Carnivorous plants: Physiology, Ecology and Evolution, Oxford
1. Attending lectures is optional, participation in exercises is mandatory
2. Handing over the developed protocols from practicals constitutes 20% of the grade
3. The oral exam consists of 1 main question and 4 additional questions.
slovak, english
1. Carnivorous syndrome - "definition"
2. Description of trap structures and functions
3. Digestive enzymes of carnivorous plants
4. Presence of microorganisms in carnivorous plants, leaf dimorphism, parasitism
5. Species richness, overview of families, genera and species
6. Ecology and biogeography of carnivorous plants
7. Ecophysiology of aquatic carnivorous plants
8. Carnivorous plants in the Czech Republic and Slovakia
9. Cultivation of carnivorous plants, basic procedures
10. Application of physiological knowledge in cultivation
11. Genetics and breeding
12. Current trends in carnivorous plant research
13. Acquaintance with the carnivorous plants collection in the greenhouses of the Botanical Garden in Košice, demonstration of carnivorous plants cultivation and propagation
Students will become familiar with carnivorous plants, current knowledge and trends in the research of these plants. The lecture will cover areas related to physiology, ecology, biogeography, genetics and systematic classification of carnivorous plants As part of the course, students will practically get to know carnivorous plants cultivation in in vitro conditions.
Teaching form: lecture, exercises.
Recommended scope of teaching (in hours):
weekly: 2/1. During the study period: 28/14.
Study method: full-time.
Lack A. 2022. Plant Ecology and Conservation, CRC Press
Volis S. 2019. Plant Conservation, the role of habitat restoration. Cambridge University Press
Walker, T. 2013. Plant Conservation: why it metters and how it works. Timber Press
completion of exercises, oral exam
Slovak, English
Lectures:
1. Plant Biodiversity, Centers of Diversity, Alpha, Beta, Genetic and Ecosystem diversity
2. Why the conservation is needed? Conservation approaches; Pasive and active conservation
3. Extinction risk assesment; differences in global regional and national plant conservation approaches, IUCN
4. Convention on Biodiversity Conservation (CBD), directives and HIPPO approach, Global Strategy for Plant Conservation
5. Plant and ecosystem threats
6. Problem of Invasive species
7. In situ conservation
8. Ex situ conservation
9. Biotechnical and biotechnological approaches in plant conservation
10. Ecosystem restoration
11. Genetic diversity, Genetic contamination, Conservation genetics
12. Plant Conservation Physiology
13. Plant Diversity Conservation and Climate Change
14. The role of Botanical Gardens, Collections and Germaplasm in Plant Conservation, Vegetative and Sexual Reproduction
Exercises:
The students will be introduced to rare plant propagation. They will prepare media type for plant growing and establish new in vitro axenic cultures of tested species. They will learn the media content and choice, as well as establishment and optimization of plant growth in laboratory conditions. They will be introduced to methodology of evaluation of IUCN plant threatened categories.
The students will be introduced in threat assesments. They will be given the real plant data and they have tasks to follow the IUCN rules and criteria to reach the threat category of plants.
Form of teaching: Lecture, exercises.
Redommended scope of teaching (in lessons):
weekly: 1+2, per study period: 14+28.
Study method: full-time.
Number of ECTS credits: 4
Zar, J.H. 1996. Biostatistical analysis. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall.
Legendre, P. & L. Legendre. 1998. Numerical Ecology, 2nd English ed. Elsevier.
Borcard, D., Gillet, F. & P. Legendre. 2018. Numerical Ecology with R.
Oral exam, completion of exercises, elaboration of a semester assignment
Slovak, English
Lectures:
1. Biometric data and their graphical presentation, univariate statistics data
2. Normalization and standardization of data
3. Exploratory data analysis
4. Basics of Univariate Statistics, Part 1
5. Basics of Univariate Statistics, 2nd time
6. Biometric data and graphical presentation, data of multivariate statistics
7. Binary, quantitative and semi-quantitative data in biometrics
8. Multivariate clustering analyses
9. Ordinal analyses of multivariate data, methods of hypothesis formation
10. Ordinal analyses of multivariate data, methods testing hypotheses
11. Introduction to biometric data processing in the context of spatial diversity
12. Selected topics of biometric processing of digital image data
13. Introduction to Chemometric Data Processing
14. Biometrics and biodiversity
Exercises:
Implementation of the lectured topics on sample datasets. Past, R environment.
Data Normalization and Standardization, Logarithmic and Box-Cox Transform, Histogram, Biplot, 3D Plot, Radar Fence, Bar-Box-Pie-Jitter-Violin Graph, Summary Statistics, Normality and Homoscedasticity Tests, t Test, F Test, Mann-Whitney Test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, One-Factor and Two-Factor ANOVA, Correlation Table, Heatmap, ANCOVA, pivot table, clustering analyses, K-means clustering, principal component analysis, canonical correspondence analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, linear discriminant analysis, redundancy analysis, MANOVA, one-factor and two-factor PERMANOVA, linear regression, Mantel's test, autocorrelation analysis, Thin-plate splines, elliptic fourier analysis, allometric analysis, alpha and beta diversity indicators
The course is focused on practical processing of biometric data. It should provide students with knowledge of basic tools for processing their own measurements in the processing of final theses.
To gain theoretical and practical knowledge on plant tissue culture in vitro.
Abdin M.Z., Kiran U., Kamaluddin M., Ali A. (eds.): Plant Biotechnology: Principles and Applications. 2017, Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd., Singapore
Chawla H.S.: Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. 2009, third edition, Science Publisher, Enfield, USA
Periodicals and Internet sources
active participation at the practicals, protocols
Active participation at the practicals, protocols, oral examination
1. Definition of biotechnology. History of biotechnology.
2. History of plant biotechnology.
3. Aseptic techniques.
4. Nutrition media and culture conditions.
5. Micropropagation. Tissue and organ cultures.
6. Callus. Cell suspension culture.
7. Protoplasts. Somatic hybridization.
8. Somatic embryogenesis. Organogenesis.
9. Somaclonal variation.
10. Secondary metabolites production. Bioreactors. Biotransformation. Immobilization.
11. Plant secondary metabolism. Elicitors. Elicitation.
12. Genetic transformation. Direct and indirect methods.
13. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The genes carried by Ti and Ri plasmids.
14. Selection markers. Reporter genes.
15. Germplasm storage. Gene banks. Slow growth method.
16. Cryopreservation.
17. Metabolic engineering. The role of tissue and organ specific plant promoters.
18. Genetic engineering. Plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses.
19. Molecular farming. Plant-based edible vaccines. Plastome engineering.
20. RNA silencing. The application of microRNAs in plant biotechnology.
Definition and history of plant biotechnology. Aseptic techniques, culture conditions. Micropropagation, types of plant explant cultures used in biotechnology. Somatic hybridization and embryogenesis, direct and indirect organogenesis. Somaclonal varation. Secondary metabolites production, bioreactors, biotransformation, immobilization and elicitation. Genetic transformation, direct and indirect methods of transformation. Types of vectors, promotors, selection markers and reporter genes used in plant transformation. Germplasm storage, gene banks. Cryopreservation and slow growth method. Genetically modified organisms - metabolic engineering, genetic engineering, plants resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, molecular farming, the role of tissue and organ specific plant promoters, plastome engineering, plant-based edible vaccines. RNA silencing, the application of microRNAs in plant biotechnology.
To gain theoretical and practical knowledge on plant tissue culture in vitro.
Oral examination.
To gain knowledge and experience in genetic processes at the cell level using the newest scientific findings in cytogenetics. To get acquainted in detail with the results resulting from human genome mapping.
Alberts, B., Heald, R., Hopkin, K., Johnson, A., Morgan, D., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2022). Essential Cell Biology (6. vydanie). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN: 978-1-324-03343-1
Liehr, T. (2021). Cytogenomics. Elsevier, Academic Press. ISBN: 978-0-12-823579-9
Snustad, P.D., Simmons, M.J.: Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons, 5th edition 2009, 871 pp.
Periodicals
Internet sources
The protocols and worksheets will be evaluated in case of the practical activities or distance learning. The e-learning course UBEV/Cytogenetika a karylógia is available in Moodle.
written tests, written examination;
Practicals: The protocols and worksheets from the practical activities or distance learning are required. The e-learning course UBEV/Cytogenetika a karylógia is available in Moodle.
1. Introduction to the Study of the Subject – From Cytogenetics to Cytogenomics
Historical Context and Current Research Focus, Main Areas of Cytogenetic Research – Molecular Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Epigenetics and Epigenomics, Nucleomics. (1h)
2. Methods in Cytogenetic Research. Basic Cytogenetic Methods (Karyotyping, Chromosome Banding), Flow Cytometry, PCR-Based Methods, Hybridization Techniques, Spectral Karyotyping. (1h)
3. Nuclear Architecture. Functional Aspects of Chromatin Structure and Organization. Interphase Nucleus. (2h)
4. Regulation of Chromatin Structure. Epigenetic Modifications, Chromatin Structure. Changes in Methylation Status and Human Diseases. (2h)
5. Genome and Cell Division – Changes in Chromatin Organization During the Cell Cycle – Mitosis, Meiosis. (2h)
6. Cell Cycle Disorders Leading to Chromosomal Aberrations. (1h)
7. The Human Genome from a Cytogenetic Perspective. Key Insights. Repetitive Sequences in the Human Genome and Their Origins. Major Groups of Transposons in the Human Genome. (2h)
8. Cytogenetics in Biomedical Research and Practice. Numerical Chromosome Abnormalities and Their Consequences. Cancer Cytogenetics. (1h)
Organisation of eukaryotic genome. Nuclear skeleton. Nucleolus, nucleolar skeleton. Chromatin structure and changes of chromatin. Levels of DNA organisation in cell nucleus. Chromosomes. Cell cycle. Genetic regulation of a cell cycle. Molecular cytology. Basic characteristics of the Human genom project - what we can learn from it?
To gain knowledge and experience on genetic processes at the cell level using the newest scientific findings of cytogenetics. To get acquainted in detail with the results and significance of human genome mapping (HUGO project).
written examination
1. BUZKOVÁ, K. 2006. Fitness jóga. Praha: Grada. 167 s.
2. ČECHOVSKÁ, I., MILEROVÁ, H., NOVOTNÁ, V. Aqua-fitness. Praha: Grada. 136 s.
3. EVANS, M ., HUDSON, J., TUCKER, P. 2001. Umění harmonie: meditace, jóga, tai-či, strečink. 192 s.
4. JARKOVSKÁ, H., JARKOVSKÁ, M. 2005. Posilováni s vlastním tělem 417 krát jinak. Praha: Grada. 209 s.
5. KOVAŘÍKOVÁ, K. 2017. Aerobik a fitness. Karolium, 130 s.
Completion: passed
Condition for successful course completion:
- active participation in line with the study rule of procedure and course guidelines
- effective performance of all tasks- aerobics, water exercise, yoga, Pilates and others
Slovak language
Brief outline of the course:
1. Basic aerobics – low impact aerobics, high impact aerobics, basic steps and cuing
2. Basics of aqua fitness
3. Basics of Pilates
4. Health exercises
5. Bodyweight exercises
6. Swimming
7. Relaxing yoga exercises
8. Power yoga
9. Yoga relaxation
10. Final assessment
Students can engage in different sport activities offered by the sea resort – swimming, rafting, volleyball, football, table tennis, tennis and other water sports in particular.
Content standard:
The student demonstrates relevant knowledge and skills in the field, which content is defined in the course syllabus and recommended literature.
Performance standard:
Upon completion of the course students are able to meet the performance standard and:
- perform basic aerobics steps and basics of health exercises,
- conduct verbal and non-verbal communication with clients during exercise,
- organise and manage the process of physical recreation in leisure time
To outline the problematics of the time organisation of biological processes and their significance in evolution of living organisms
Active participation on practicals.
Passing of the final oral examination.
1. Time structure of the physiological variables in animals.
2. Overview of the history of chronobiology.
3. Basic notions and division of biological rhythms.
4. Genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of the biological rhythms in animals.
5. Endogenous character of the biological rhythms. Localization of the biological clock.
6. Synchronsation of rhythms. Multioscillatory system of the body.
7. Model animals in study of biological rhythms.
8. Ultradian rhythms.
9. Circaannual (seasonal) rhythms.
10. Application of chronobiological principles in medicine.
11. Disturbations of the biological rhythms. The jet-lag syndrome.
12. Biological rhythms in shift-work.
13. The significance of biological rhythms in the evolution of living organisms.
To outline the problematics of the time organization of biological processes and their significance in evolution of living organisms.
To understand the mechanisms, ensuring the adaptation to regular changes in their environment with various periodicity, as well as of the common action of external and internal factors in control of the biological rhythms..
Oral examination.
1. Attending lectures is optional, participation in exercises is mandatory. 2. During the exercises, it is necessary to master the recognition of selected trees and shrubs in their various phenological phases according to significant identifying features (buds, bark, shape of leaves and flowers, habitus) and some species-specific features (cork wings, thorns, prominent pubescence, distinctive color of shoots in winter, etc.). 3. Within the framework of forest tree seed production, it is necessary to master the identification of fruits and seeds of selected taxa of woody plants.
1. Summary of basic terms within the subject Dendrology. 2. Individual variability of woody plants (morphological, biochemical, biological, technical forms). 3. Geographic variability of woody plants (climate type, edaphotype). 4. Individual ecological requirements of woody plants with a basic overview of taxa (woody plants in shade and sunny conditions, oceanic and continental climate). 5. Special communities of woody plants, their characteristics and overview of the most important taxa. Pioneer woody plants, melioration woody plants, woody plants in ravines and scree, forest-steppe woody plants, floodplain woody plants, peatland woody plants and woody plants of upper forest border. 6. Saving the gene pool of forest trees (generative and clone seed orchards, selected trees and stands). 7. Selected chapters from the seed production of forest trees (external and internal factors of seed production, methods of collecting and technology of seed processing and its subsequent storage). 8. Selected chapters from forest tree seed production (seed lifespan, short-term and long-term seed storage, germination ability and germination process, methods of pre-sowing seed preparation). 9. Introduction of woody plants - definition of the term, phases of introduction. Benefits of introduction and possible environmental risks. 10. Invasive trees, overview and characteristics of the most important taxa. Ecological, economic and health consequences of invasions. 11. The most important dendrological objects in Slovakia (Mlyňany Arboretum, Borová hora Arboretum, Kysihýbel Arboretum, Topoľčianky Castle Park). 12. Introduction to arboriculture, protection and care of trees growing outside the forest. The exercises are aimed at practical recognizing the most important coniferous and deciduous both native and introduced trees. During the summer semester, dealing with woody plants in the winter (in a sterile state), the specific characteristics of woody plants (general habitus of the wood, buds, thorns, specific color of the surface of the branch, pubescence, cork lamellas, etc.). During the growing season, recognizing the shape of the leaves and flowers..
Mentioned in the approved thesis assignment.
The diploma thesis is the result of the student's own creative work. It must not show elements of academic fraud and have to meet the criteria of proper research practice defined in Rector's Decision no. 21/2021, which establishes the rules for assessing plagiarism at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik Univesity in Košice and its components. The fulfillment of the criteria is verified mainly in the training process and in the process of defending the thesis. Failure to comply with them is grounds for initiation of disciplinary proceedings.
The student carries out his activities under the guidance of the supervisor. The result of the student's work should be the fulfillment of the objectives stated in the approved thesis assignment.
With the diploma thesis, the student demonstrates mastery of the extended theory and professional terminology of the field of study, the acquisition of knowledge, skills and competences in accordance with the declared profile of the graduate of the study program, as well as the ability to apply them in an original way when solving the selected problem of the field of study. The student will demonstrate the ability of independent professional work from a content, formal and ethical point of view. Further details of the diploma thesis are determined by Directive no. 1 /2011 on the basic requirements of the final theses and the Study Regulations of the UPJŠ in Košice for 1st, 2nd and combined 1st and 2nd degrees.
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Mayr, E.: Co je evoluce. Aktuální pohled na evoluční biologii. Academia Praha, 2009.
Flegr, J.: Evoluční biologie. Academia Praha 2005
Kejnovský, E., Hobza, R.: Evoluční genomika. (http://www.evolucnigenomika.cz/Skripta/Evolucni%20genomika%20skripta%202008.pdf) 2009
Futuyma, D.J.: Evolution. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 2005.
Briggs D., Walters S. M.: Proměnlivost a evoluce rostlin. Univerzita Palackého, Olomouc, 2001.
Dobzhansky T. et al.: Evolution. San Francisco 1977.
E.J.Larson : Evolúcia. Neobyčajná história jednej vedeckej teórie. Slovart, 2006.
.
In the written exam, the student must demonstrate, in addition to knowledge in the field of evolutionary biology, knowledge of analytical and synthetic thinking when solving the answers to problem-formulated questions, while using knowledge from the entire bachelor's and master's studies of his field.
1. Introduction to evolutionary biology. Historical development of ideas about the evolution of life. Evidence of the theory of evolution.
2. The origin and evolution of the first forms of life on Earth.
3. Theory of natural selection.
4. Molecular evolution I: Evolutionary processes at the gene level. Molecular evolution.
5. Molecular evolution II: Evolutionary processes at the level of species and populations.
6. Molecular evolution III: Evolution of genetic systems.
7. Reproductive strategies of plants, sexuality, asexuality and evolution.
8. Macroevolution and microevolution. Types of speciation. Evolutionary trends of green plants.
9. Extinction - a sad but natural part of evolution.
10. Overview of animal evolution.
11. Origin and development of man I.
12. Origin and development of man II.
Graduates of the course will gain an overview of evolutionary theories in the past and today, and based on the most modern scientific knowledge about macro- and microevolutionary processes in living nature at various levels of investigation and knowledge, they should be able to analytically solve scientific, but also philosophical questions in the field of evolutionary theory. He is able to argue and critically evaluate different views on evolution and apply his knowledge in different types of work tasks not only in an academic environment, but also in practice, e.g. in agriculture, ecology, environmental protection and the like.
.
The aim of lectures is to explain the effects of environmental factors and mechanisms of adaptations in animals and humans.
1. Piantadosi C.A. Biology of Human Survival: Life and Death in Extreme Environments. Oxford Press 2003.
2. Wilmer P and co.: Environmental Physiology of Animals. Blackwell Publishing Inc., 2004
3. Chown SL, Nicolson SW: Insect Physiological Ecology. Oxford University Press 2004
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Elaboration of semestral thesis.
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1. Definition of the subject. External environment characteristics. Environmental factors, classification, time factor. Reaction, adaptation, deformation. Classification of adaptations. Stress reaction, general adaptation syndrome.
2. Pathological reaction, pathological state, disease. General characteristics of disease – pain, fever, inflammation.
3. Ageing, theories, physiological changes in ageing. Death of organism. Adaptations to food intake changes and food composition. Food intake regulation.
4. Caloric restriction, starving, increased caloric intake, obesity. Time factor in food intake.
5. Thermoregulation, heat and cold adaptations. Hibernation, diapause.
6. Altitude and hyperbaric adaptations. Osmoregulation.
7. The effects of hypergravity and microgravity, physiological changes during space flight. Sound, ultrasound, infrasound effects.
8. Electromagnetic fields. Effects of electric current. Infrared, visible, ultraviolet radiation and their significance for organisms. Microwaves. Laser.
9. Ionising radiation, classification, sources. The effects of ionising radiation.
10. Xenobiotics, biotransformation. Air, water, and soil pollutants.
11. Drug abuse, mechanism of drug action. The effects of opioids and CNS depressants – sedatives, hypnotics, and alcohol.
12. The effects of CNS stimulants – amphetamines, cocaine, methylxanthines, nicotin. The effects of hallucinogens and solvents.
13. Carcinogenesis, chemical, physical, and biological carcinogens. Oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes. Prevention of carcinogenesis. Prions.
To understand the basic mechanisms of adaptations to environmental factors in animals and humans.
written exam
Breckle, S.-W. (2002). Walter's Vegetation of the Earth. Springer, 525
Schultze, E.D., Beck, E., Muller-Hohenstein, K. (2002). Plant Ecology. Springer, 702.
Gurevich, J., Scheiner, S., Fox, G. (2006). The ecology of plants, Sinauer Associated, Inc. Publishers, 522
Lambers, H., Chapin III, F.S., Pons, T.L. (1998). Plant Physiological Ecology. Springer, Berlin, 540
1. Participation in seminars (even in the case of online teaching) Students are obliged to participate in seminars. The relevant teacher who conducts the seminar will excuse the justified non-participation of the student (inability to work, family reasons, etc.) at a maximum of two seminars during the semester without the need for substitute performance. In case of long-term justified absence (for example due to incapacity for work), the relevant teacher will determine the student's alternative form of mastering the missed material;
2. Demonstration of knowledge and expertise in the field of ecology acquired at lectures and seminars (determination of morphological and anatomical features related to environmental factors)
3. Demonstration of sufficient skills in the use of methodologies that are part of laboratory exercises
4. Pass the oral exam, which will also include a written part in the form of a short description of ecological relationships from the given picture.
slovak, english
1. Plant ecology, subject, research approaches and methodology, autecology, ecology of communities
2. Factor ecology I – plants and water (drought)
3. Factor ecology II – plants and atmosphere including wind
4. Factor ecology III – plants and light
5. Factor ecology IV – plants and soil
6. Factor ecology V – plants and interactions with other organisms
7. Zonobiomes on Earth
8. tropical biomes
9. Subtropical biomes
10. Temperate climate, maritime to continental biomes
11. boreal and polar biomes
12. water biomes
13. Plants related to anthropogenic environmental changes
The student will understand the main relationships of plants with the environment and other organisms. He will be able to recognize the needs of plants, how plants adapt to the environment and other organisms. Based on this, he will understand the distributional and formative values of biotic and abiotic ecological conditions, as well as the linking of plants into complex plant communities, which is also related to other organisms in ecosystems. The student will be able to recognize the major biomes of the Earth and the problems that plants face, as well as what solutions or mechanisms they have developed to survive in such an environment. Finally, he will learn how the changing environment affects plant organisms and plant communities.
1. BERTRAND, Jean-Claude, et al. (ed.). Environmental microbiology: fundamentals and applications. Dordrecht: Springer, 2015.
2. MITCHELL, Ralph; GU, Ji-Dong (ed.). Environmental microbiology. John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
3. HUDECOVÁ, D.: Mikrobiológia 1. Bratislava: STU, 2002.
4. SCHMIDT, Tom. Topics in ecological and environmental microbiology. Elsevier, 2012.
5. SIGEE, David. Freshwater microbiology: biodiversity and dynamic interactions of microorganisms in the aquatic environment. John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
6. VAN ELSAS, Jan Dirk, et al. Modern soil microbiology. CRC press, 2006.
Attendance of practicals (at least 90%), final oral examination
Evolution and biodiversity of microorganisms, methods for studying microorganisms, biofilms and microbial mats. Microorganisms in environment, microbiology of soil and water, microorganisms in extreme environments. The influence of abiotic factors on microorganisms. Biogeochemical cycles and the role of microorganisms: the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, phsphorus and iron cycle. Interactions between microorganisms and other organisms - interactions in the digestive tract normal and pathological microflora of humans and other animals. Interactions between microorganisms and plants - mycorhiza.
Evolution and biodiversity of microorganisms, microorganisms in environment, the influence of abiotic factors on microorganisms, biogeochemical cycles, interactions between microorganisms and other organisms
Evaluation of practicals: 30%
Final evaluation: Oral examination - 70%
To provide students data on participation of microorganisms in biosphere processes, characteristics of most frequently occuring microbial communities and interactions ofmicroorganisms with other organisms.
Rockwood Larry L., 2006: Introduction to population ecology, 339 pp., Malden, Mass.: Blackwell
Oral examination
Running evaluation: active (100%) participation in seminars and lectures
preparation of the presentation to the given topic
1. Demecology and other ecological disciplines, the main axioms of population ecology, deffinitions – population, metapopulation, species and „cryptic species“, mechanism of isolation, the introduction to population genetic – study of gene frequencies and microevolution in populations, selective advantages such as reproduction and competition, polymorphysm
2. Influence of abiotic and biotic factors on population, application of basic population models, importance of population monitoring
3. Basic characteristics of population: density (abundance) – examples of population density in various organisms, the measurements of Absolute and Relative density, analysis of a key factor in univoltine species of insects
4. Basic characteristics of population: distribution/dispersion (the spread of individuals in relation to one another), population dispersion patterns, migrations and invasions of species, various examples of population patterns, range of variability in dispersion
5. Basic characteristics of population: age structure, population pyramides, Popupopulation vs. Sample (representative population), basic population sampling techniques
6. Lincoln Index, T – test, examples
7. Population dynamic: Natality and Mortality, types of survivorship curves, cohort life tables, static life tables, mathemtical models of population growth – examples, morbidity
8. Population dynamic: autoregulation and population fluctuations and cycles
9. Population and metapopulation dynamic: regulation of pests in practise, conception of metapopulation dynamic in biological conservation and management landscape
10. The intraspecific competition
11. The interspecific inetractions
12. Life population histories- plasticity of phenotypes, interaction phenotype - genotype
13. Life population histories- „conception of r- and K –strategy“, environmental and reproductive strategies
Population ecology includes study of the structure and dynamics of populations (chose population characteristics such as density/abundance, distribution/population dispersion patterns, natality, mortality) interactions between populations of organisms and environmental factors based on mathematical models, theories, and population methods applied in various ecosystems. Population ecology elucidates growth models and changes in populations.
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Erdelská O., Švubová R., Mártonfiová L., Lux A. (2017): Embryológia krytosemenných rastlín. Veda, Bratislava
Richards, A. J. (1997): Plant Breeding Systems. Chapman & Hall, London
1. Participation at the practices - work with permanent slides, work with living material, outline of the studied phenomena and their description
2. Passing the examination
1. Embryology as science
2 Breeding strategies
3. Female gametophyte
4. Male gametophyte
5. Pollination, progamogenetic phase of fertilization processes
6. Fertilization, gamogenetic and postgamogenetic phase, incompatibilities
7. Embryo, general characeters and development
8. Embryo of monocotyledones and dicotyledones
9. Endosperm
10. Apomixis
11. Seed, germination of seeds
12. Embryology of gymnosperms
Student knows basic breeding strategies and reproduction ways of angiosperms. He/she is informed about micro- and megagametogenesis from archesporal cell up to mature gametophyte. He/she knows the origin of new organism and the processes leading to it. He/she is familiar with phenomena connected with embryo development and its relations to other parts of seeds. He/she is informed on apomixis. He/she knows the way from seed to photosyntethising plant of new generation. He/she obtains information on origin and development of the embryo of gymnosperms.
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To teach the students to know and to be aware of the importance of the behavioural aspect in biological sciences
Franck, D.: Verhaltensbiologie. Einfuhrung in die Ethologie. Georg Thieme-Verlag, 1993
Manning, A., Dawkins, M. S.: An introduction to animal behaviour. Cambridge University Press, 1992
DRICKMER, L.C., VESSEY, S.H., MEIKLE, D. Animal Behavior: mechanisms, ecology, evolution. 4th ed. Dubuque : Wm. C. Brown Publishers, 1996.
Internet
UBEV/PMZ1
Thematical presentations
Fulfilled conditions for the exercises
Successfully completed oral exam
History and development of ethology. Ethological methods. The innate forms of behaviour. The simplest forms of learning – conditioning and instrumental learning. Higher form of learning. Social behaviour. Sexual behaviour. Play behaviour. Biological rhythms. Orientation in space and animal migrations. Communication systems of animals. Emotions. Aggression in animal and human behaviour. Abnormal forms of behaviour
To teach the students to know and to be aware of the importance of the behavioural aspect in biological sciences
Oral examination.
J. Pevsner: Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, 3rd Edition, ISBN: 978-1-118-58178-0
Internet sources
Full-time form of practical teaching: active participation in practicals, practical courses protocols, written exam. In case of distance learning: active participation in practicals (the online method) using the MOODLE course UBEV/FG/14 Funkčná genomika, practical courses protocols, written exam.
English
• Introduction to functional genomics, Biological databases and other resources for functional genome analysis, A real-case applications of the functional genomics
• Genome and functional genomics: sequenced model organisms, conceptual and methodological input of genome sequencing, structural vs. functional genome annotation
• Genome-wide reverse genetics: techniques to create collections of genome-wide mutants and their use in functional genomics
• Transcriptomics: methods to obtain transcriptome data, in silico processing of transcriptomic data, differential expression
• Proteomics: methods to obtain proteome data, quantitative vs. qualitative proteomics, data analysis, data mining
• Metabolomics: methods to obtain metabolomic data, quantitative vs. qualitative metabolomics, data analysis, data mining
* Interactomics - protein networks, methods in interactome and signalome studies, data analysis, practical use of the acquired knowledge on interactome and signalome
exam
Functional genomics attempts to answer questions about the function of DNA at the levels of genes, RNA transcripts, and proteins. A key characteristic of functional genomics studies is their genome-wide approach to these questions, generally involving high-throughput methods rather than a more traditional “gene-by-gene” approach. The outcome of this course will be understanding of the approaches and methods used in functional genomics and their application in research as well as in practice.
.
Hendrych R.: Fytogeografie. - SPN, Praha 1984.
Prach K., Štech M., Říha P.: Ekologie a rozšíření biomů na Zemi. - Scientia, Praha 2009.
Krippel E.: Postglaciálny vývoj vegetácie Slovenska. – Veda, vyd. SAV, Bratislava, 1986.
Dahl, E.: The Phytogeography of Northern Europe, - Cambridge University Press, 2007.
Brown J. H., Lomolino M. V.: Biogeography. - Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 1998.
Myers A. A., Giller P. S.: Analytical Biogeography. - Chapman & Hall, 1990.
Various literature devoted to the geography of vegetation (mainly nature and travel), articles in National Geographic, Živa, Vesmír and other magazines.
.
1. Lectures are optional, but highly recommended due to the presentation of otherwise difficult-to-access information and its synthesis.
2. In addition to the exam, the student must complete a mandatory 5-hour field trip focusing on the aspects that determine the spread of plants on Earth, solve practical tasks from the topic of the subject and prepare a semester presentation on the given topic, the presentation is defended at a scientific mini-conference.
1. History of the subject. Plants and environment. Dynamics of the earth's surface.
2. Abiotic and biotic factors of the plant environment.
3. Chorology, range, areal disjunctions, relics, endemism, vicarism.
4. Elements of flora - older and newer approaches.
5. Main features of florogenesis. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic.
6. Main features of florogenesis. Cenozoic - Pleistocene, Holocene.
7. Basics of GIS (geographic information systems) and their use in botanical research.
8. Postglacial development of vegetation in Slovakia.
9. Current changes in terrestrial vegetation and their study, plant invasions.
10. Geography of vegetation: from tropical rainforests to tundra I.
11. Geography of vegetation: from tropical rainforests to tundra II.
12. Geographical origin of cultivated plants.
Seminars and exercises consist of a 5-hour excursion focusing on the connections and conditionality of plant distribution and indoor exercises focusing on an overview of phytogeographical literature, atlases of plant distribution and their importance, types of mapping, types of areas, practical assessment of floristic elements and types of disjunctions , work with maps of specific taxa throughout Europe. Further: regional phytogeography of the Earth, historical overview of opinions on the phytogeographical (floristic) division of Slovakia. Plant phylogeography. Student presentations of final semester theses (phytogeographical mini-conference).
After completing the subject, the student is oriented in various aspects of phytogeographic issues and can apply the acquired knowledge both in basic research within chorology, historical and regional phytogeography, as well as in the evaluation of world biomes. The practical application of the subject is within the study of geographically and climatically conditioned changes in vegetation, in the assessment of the reduction of biodiversity and the extinction of the natural plant communities of the Earth, and the acquired knowledge can be used in work in environmental protection.
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Exam done more than 60%.
The excursion is a half-day, focused on the flora of the selected area. Completing the excursion is a condition for participation in the exam.
Slovak, English
1. Phytogeographical division of Slovakia. Methods of mapping of the species and biotopes. Phytocoenological relevés. Vertical and horizontal vegetation levels. Types of biotopes. Herbarium collections in Slovakia.
2. Diversity of waters and terrestrial ferns.
3. Diversity of selected genuses of Ranunculaceae, Hypericaceae, Apiaceae, Violaceae.
4. Campanulaceae, Boraginaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae
5. Lamiaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae
6. Orchidaceae, Iridacea
7. Asteraceae
8. Grasses and grasses-like groups from Poaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Typhaceae
9. Forests and forest flora. Flora of lowland rivers.
10. Mountain flora. Ruderal flora. Segetala flora. Flora of meadows and pastures.
11. Bogs. Saline sites. Peat-bogs. East-carpathian endemics
12. Alien species. Invasions. Field course. Mapping in the field.
Get an overview of plant groups and species growing in Slovakia. Get to know in more detail the diversity of selected groups of plants in relation to the territory of Slovakia. Ability to recognize the most important local species, families and communities of plants.
BILASOVÁ, V. – ANDREANSKÝ, E.: Epistemológia a metodológia vedy. Prešov: FF PU 2007.
FAJKUS, B.: Filosofie a metodologie vědy. Praha: Academia 2005.
BEDNÁRIKOVÁ, M. Úvod do metodológie vied. Trnavská univerzita: Trnava 2013.
DÉMUTH, A. Filozofické aspekty dejín vedy. Trnavská univerzita: Trnava 2013.
FEYERABEND, P.: Proti metodě. Prel. J. Fiala. Praha: Aurora 2001.
KUHN, T. S.: Štruktúra vedeckých revolúcií. Prel. Ľ. Valentová. Bratislava 1982.
Attendance: A student may have one unexcused absence in seminar at the most. Absence in more than one seminar must be reasoned and substituted by consultations. Conditions of continuous and final control: during the semester a student is continuously checked and assessed according to his/her activity. To be awarded the credits, a student must pass a test from knowledge obtained in the lectures and seminars. Results of the test will make up the final grade.
Slovak
• Falsificationism and critical realism by K. R. Popper.
• Development and critique of the Popper’s concept.
• Understanding the science development in the work by T. S. Kuhn.
• Methodology of scientific research programmes of I. Lakatos.
• Methodological anarchism of P. Feyerabend.
• W.V.O. Quine – the issue of relation between theory and empiricism.
The course is aimed at getting familiar with the basic issues of methodology and philosophy of science. Significant part will be devoted to presenting the main concepts of the philosophy of science in the 20th century and this aim will be achieved by reading the source and interpretive texts.
Taiz L., Zeiger E., Plant physiology. Fifth edition. Sinauer ass., Sunderland 2010
Taiz L, Zeiger E, ed. 2018 Plant physiology and development, 6th editon, Oxford
1. Attending lectures is mandatory, participation in practicals is also mandatory
2. Handing over the developed protocols from practicals constitutes 20% of the grade
3. Preparation of a written test consisting of 70 questions (min. 60%)
1. Growth and morphogenesis: growth phases and kinetics; cell wall, differentiation.
2. Photoreceptors of red and blue light.
3. Hormones: metabolism and transport; mechanism and physiological effects;
4. Auxins, gibberellins,
5. Cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene
6. Brassinosteroids, jasmonic acid and strigolactone.
7. Polarity. Apical dominance. Regeneration and transplantation.
8. Biological rhythms, molecular clock mechanism
9. Dormancy. Germination.
10. Flowering induction: expression, determination, photoperiodism
11. Development of floral organs.
12. Aging and programmed cell death.
13. Orientation in space: phototropism, gravitropism and nastic movements.
To learn about basic methods and approaches in physiology of plant growth and development.
The student will learn the basic concepts related to plant development and deepen the basic knowledge about the regulation of individual processes. They will get acquainted with signal transmission in plants and the influence of various factors (light, phytohormones, ...) on the growth and development of plants at various levels.
During the exercises, the student should master the basic preparation of growth media, work with a microscope and evaluate the results obtained.
Dengler, J., Chytrý M., Ewald, J., 2008: Phytosociology. In: Sven Erik Jørgensen and Brian D. Fath (Eds), General Ecology. Vol. [4] of Encyclopedia of Ecology, pp. 2767-2779. Elsevier, Oxford.
Moravec, J. a kol: Fytocenologie, Academia Praha, 1994.
Weber, H. E., Moravec, J. & Theurillat, J.-P. 2000. International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 3rd edition. – J. Veg. Sci. 11: 739–768.
Valachovič M. a kol., 1995: Rastlinné spoločenstva Slovenska 1. Pionierska vegetácia. Veda, Bratislava.
Jarolímek I. a kol., 1997: Rastlinné spoločenstva Slovenska 2. Synantropná vegetácia. Veda, Bratislava.
Valachovič M. a kol., 2001: Rastlinné spoločenstva Slovenska 3. Vegetácia mokradí. Veda, Bratislava.
Kliment J., Valachovič, M. a kol., 2007: Rastlinné spoločenstva Slovenska 4. Vysokohorská vegetácia. Veda, Bratislava.
Hegedüšová Vantarová, K., Škodová, I. a kol., 2014: Rastlinné spoločenstva Slovenska 5. Travinno-bylinná vegetácia. Veda, Bratislava.
Chytrý, M. a kol., 2013: Vegetace České republiky 4. Lesní a křovinová vegetace. Academia, Praha.
Chytrý, M. a kol., 2010: Katalog biotopů České republiky. AOPK, Praha.
Stanová, V., Valachovič, M. a kol., 2002: Katalóg biotopov Slovenska. DAPHNE, Bratislava.
1. Active participation in field exercises.
2. Elaboration of a semester's work (recording in the field, species herbarium of detected vascular plants, classification at the class level and the reasons that conditioned it, brief comparison with similar communities based on the literature)
3. Written examination in the form of a test, which must be completed with at least 50%.
1. basic information about phytocenology, its goals
2. brief history of phtocenology, basic terms and literature
3. Zurich-Montpellier school, methodological foundations, data collection
4. analysis of the obtained phytocenological data (principles, database and statistical programs used in phytocenology),
4. phytocenological nomenclature code.
5. ecological assessment of vegetation (indirect indication vs directly measured/obtained data).
6. syntaxonomic and ecological assessment of basic biotopes in the Central European area
7. pioneer vegetation,
8. synanthropic vegetation
9. Vegetation of wetlands
10. alpine vegetation,
11. herbaceous vegetation
12. Vegetation of forests and bushes
13. examples of phytocenological case studies and the use of phytocenology in practice.
Get an overview of the classification of vegetation, the distribution of plants and the relationships between plants. Get a basic idea of the practical use of this knowledge in botany, ecology and nature conservation. To teach students to take field notes and process them.
HOFIERKA, J., KAŇUK, J., GALLAY, M. 2014: Geoinformatika. Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach, 192 s.
KAŇUK, J., 2015: Priestorové analýzy a modelovanie. Vysokoškolské učebné texty. Prírodovedecká fakulta Univerzity Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach. 114 s.
SEDLÁK, V., 2017: Globálne navigačné satelitné systémy. Vysokoškolské učebné texty. Prírodovedecká fakulta Univerzity Pavla Jozefa Šafárika v Košiciach. 157 s.
TUČEK, J. 1998: Geografické informační systémy – principy a praxe. Computer Press, Praha. 424 s.
ŽELEZNÝ, M. (2012): Dálkový průzkum Zěme (skriptá), Západočeská univerzita v Plzni, Katedra kybernetiky. 93 s. URL: http://www.kky.zcu.cz/uploads/courses/dpz/DPZ-prednasky.pdf
CANADIAN CENTRE FOR REMOTE SENSING (2012): Fundamentals of Remoste Sensing (učebný text v angličtine, in English), 256 s. URL: http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geography-boundary/remote-sensing/fundamentals/1430.
LONGLEY, P. A., GOODCHILD, M. F., MAGUIRE, D. J., RHIND, D. W. 2001: Geographic Information Systems and Science. John Wiley & Sons.
LONGLEY, P. A., GOODCHILD, M. F., MAGUIRE, D. J., RHIND, D. W. 1999: Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Management and Applications. John Wiley & Sons.
WILSON, J. P., FOTHERINGHAM, A. S. 2008: The Handbook of Geographic Information Science. Blackwell Publishing
EN
Successful study of this subject assumes active presence on the practicals and passing 2 practical tests reaching at least the mark E (50 points out of 100). The tests are performed in the mid-term and end of the semester.
Slovak or English
Lectures: Main areas of application of geographic information systems and remote sensing of the Earth in practice. Used hardware, software, availability of digital spatial data. Principles of digital representation of territory in GIS (raster, vector format), coordinate systems. Principles of DPZ methods. Data collection in the field using GPS, UAV, laser scanning. Scanning of existing maps and georeferencing. Basic principles of creation of cartographic outputs - creation of thematic maps in GIS. Maps on the Internet, Google Maps, Google Earth, OpenStreetMaps.
Exercises: Basic presentation and control of the ArcGIS program, working with files, working with an attribute table, importing/exporting data, defining a coordinate system, principles of representing point, line and area phenomena, creating map outputs. Work with GPS, UAV and terrestrial laser scanning devices, basic processing of multispectral satellite scenes.
Knowledge: Students will acquire basic knowledge about the theoretical and methodological aspects of geographic information systems and remote sensing methods, an overview of the methods of acquisition, processing, distribution and analysis of geographic data and the possibilities of their application in environmental practice;
Skills: Practical skills in software processing of geographic data in GIS, spatial analysis and cartographic visualization; they will also acquire the basics of principles and applications of remote sensing methods, processing of multispectral satellite images, calculation of spectral indices and image classification, processing of lidar data.
Competences: Ability to independently design a project for solution in GIS, including suitable digital representation of objects in the country, methods of data collection, processing and spatial analysis, ability to present written and graphic work of own and team work. Orientation in the selection of suitable RS methods for environmental applications.
This course introduces the students to the basic concepts of immunology as well as highlights the role and importance of immunology in various human diseases. The aim of Immunology lessons is the presentation of the organization and function of the immune system, as well as the comprehension of complex molecular and cellular interactions during the induction of immune responses.
Janeway Ch. A., Travers P., Walport M., Schlomchik M.: Immunobiology. Garland Science, 2004
Murphy, K. (2012): Jeneway’s Immunobiology. 8th ed. Garland Science
Delves, P.J. et al. (2011): Roitt’s essential immunology 12th ed Wiley-Blackwell
UBEV/MB1a, UCHV/BCH1a
no
Recognition.
Oral examination.
Basic immunology: Lymphatic System Anatomy, The Innate Immune System, The Induced Responses of Innate Immunity, The Adaptive Immune Response, Antigens and Antibodies, Antigen Recognition by B-cell and T-cell Receptors, Antigen Presentation to T-lymphocytes, Complement, Clinical immunology: Allergy and other Hypersensitivities, Autoimmunity and Transplantation, Tumor Immunology, Disorders of The Immune System.
This course introduces the students to the basic concepts of immunology as well as highlights the role and importance of immunology in various human diseases. The aim of Immunology lessons is the presentation of the organization and function of the immune system, as well as the comprehension of complex molecular and cellular interactions during the induction of immune responses.
Oral examination.
1. Attending lectures is voluntary, participation in exercises is mandatory.
2. During the exercises, it is necessary to master the principles of collecting, labeling, storage, processing and identification of plant samples, their potential pests and other accompanying organisms visible at least with a binocular magnifying glass. The data obtained in the field and in the laboratory will be further statistically processed. Specific application procedures in plant protection will be tested according to current possibilities in the area of the P.J. Šafárik University Botanical Garden.
3. Separate processing of a model example regarding effective temperatures and their significance for the development of plant pests and pathogens.
4. Elaboration of an overview of the most significant harmful agents and measures against them when prioritizing biological methods in the protection of the specified type of cultivated plant.
1. Integrated plant protection (IOR), basic concepts, history of plant protection.
2. Symptoms of plant damage, harmful agents - basic division.
3. Selected viral, bacterial and fungal plant diseases.
4. Selected phytophagous animals.
5. Procedures in plant protection - basic division.
6. Chemical plant protection.
7. Biological protection of plants.
8. Integrated protection of plants in greenhouses.
9. Integrated plant protection in agriculture (external areas).
10. Integrated plant protection in forestry.
11. Invasive species of plants and animals and the possibilities of solving problems associated with them based on the principles of integrated plant protection.
12. Models, perspectives of integrated plant protection.
Providing basic information about agents damaging plants and information on plant protection. To a greater extent, paying attention to biological and other more acceptable methods of regulating unwanted organisms in various areas of plant cultivation. Learning practical procedures and principles in applying these gentler methods on model examples. This should make it possible to apply and develop this knowledge in other areas of the management of natural and close to nature systems, where the regulation of undesirable and, conversely, the support of desired types of organisms is expected.
Type, scope and method of educational activities:
Form of teaching: lecture, exercise.
Recommended scope of teaching (in lessons):
Weekly: 1/2, Per study period: 14/28.
Study method: full-time
Volumes Flora of Slovakia, Flora Europea, Atlas Florae Europaeae
Selected articles of scientific journals, internet resources and databases
Graded credit
Slovak, English
Lectures:
1. Introduction, brief overview of the history of botanical practice in Slovakia, current state and perspective
2. Personalities of botany in Slovakia and Central Europe (note: also collectors and their work)
3. Botanical institutions and workplaces in Central Europe
4. Botanical Gardens and Arboretum
5. Herbariums and their importance in botanical practice
6. Important herbarium collections, current state in the world and in Slovakia
7. Herbarium labels, Latin in site descriptions. The most important historical names of localities and settlements in Slovakia.
8. Overview of botanical periodicals, history and present
9. Botanical electronic systems and databases
10. The work Flora of Slovakia and the methodology of data processing
11. Flora Europaea and Atlas Florae Europaeae
12. Red List of Ferns and Flowering Plants of the Slovak Republic
13. Monitoring of species and habitats of Community importance
14. Graded credit
Exercises:
The exercises will have the character of 1) work with botanical information sources, e.g. IPNI, Turboveg, PLADIAS, iNaturalist and others (a total of 2 teaching hours), 2) practical excursions to selected areas with demonstrations of plant and habitat monitoring (4 hours), 3) a visit to an external botanical workplace outside UPJŠ (1 excursion for a total of 6 hours), 4) a visit to important botanical workplaces in Slovakia and the Czech Republic, e.g. visiting botanical historical book collections in libraries and museums, visits to some important Central European herbariums (2-4 combined excursions, 16 hours in total).
Students of the subject Classical Botany will gain theoretical and practical knowledge of contemporary botanical practice in Central Europe and especially in Slovakia. The acquired knowledge will be applied primarily in the processing of floristic data in jobs at universities, in state nature conservation, in museums and ecological institutes.
1. JUNGER, J. et al. Turistika a športy v prírode. Prešov: Fakulta humanitných a prírodných vied PU v Prešove. 2002. 267s. ISBN 80-8068-097-3.
2. PAVLÍČEK, J. Člověk v drsné přírodě. 3. vyd. Praha: Práh. 2002. ISBN 8072520598.
3. WISEMAN, J. SAS: příručka jak přežít. Praha: Svojtka & Co. 2004. 566s. ISBN
8072372807.
Completion: passed
Condition for successful course completion:
- active participation in line with the study rule of procedure and course guidelines,
- effective performance of all the tasks defined in the course syllabus
Slovak language
Brief outline of the course:
1. Principles of conduct and safety in the movement in unfamiliar natural environment
2. Preparation and guidance of a hike tour
3. Objective and subjective danger in the mountains
4. Principles of hygiene and prevention of damage to health in extreme conditions
5. Fire building
6. Movement in the unfamiliar terrain, orientation and navigation
7. Shelters
8. Food preparation and water filtering
9. Rappelling, Tyrolian traverse
10. Transport of an injured person, first aid
Content standard:
The student demonstrates relevant knowledge and skills in the field, which content is defined in the course syllabus and recommended literature.
Performance standard:
Upon completion of the course students are able to meet the performance standard and should:
- acquire knowledge about safe stay and movement in natural environment,
- obtain theoretical knowledge and practical skills to solve extraordinary and demanding situations connected with survival and minimization of damage to health,
- be able to resist and face situations related to overcoming barriers and obstacles in natural environment,
- be able implement the acquired knowledge as an instructor during summer sport camps for children and youth within recreational sport.
1. JUNGER, J. et al. Turistika a športy v prírode. Prešov: FHPV PU v Prešove. 2002. ISBN 8080680973.
Internetové zdroje:
1. STEJSKAL, T. Vodná turistika. Prešov: PU v Prešove. 1999.
Dostupné na: https://ulozto.sk/tamhle/UkyxQ2lYF8qh/name/Nahrane-7-5-2021-v-14-46-39#!ZGDjBGR2AQtkAzVkAzLkLJWuLwWxZ2ukBRLjnGqSomICMmOyZN==
Completion: passed
Condition for successful course completion:
- active participation in line with the study rule of procedure and course guidelines
- effective performance of all tasks: carrying a canoe, entering and exiting a canoe, righting a canoe, paddling
Slovak language
Brief outline of the course:
1. Assessment of difficulty of waterways
2. Safety rules for rafting
3. Setting up a crew
4. Practical skills training using an empty canoe
5. Canoe lifting and carrying
6. Putting the canoe in the water without a shore contact
7. Getting in the canoe
8. Exiting the canoe
9. Taking the canoe out of the water
10. Steering
a) The pry stroke (on fast waterways)
b) The draw stroke
11. Capsizing
12. Commands
Content standard:
The student demonstrates relevant knowledge and skills in the field, which content is defined in the course syllabus and recommended literature.
Performance standard:
Upon completion of the course students are able to meet the performance standard and:
- implement the acquired knowledge in different situations and practice,
- implement basic skills to manipulate a canoe on a waterway,
- determine the right spot for camping,
- prepare a suitable material and equipment for camping.
1. Participation in an excursion in the area of the Botanical Garden focused on practical demonstrations of medicinal plants, methods of their cultivation and collection.
2. Written exam, which must be passed at least 50%.
Slovak, English
Introduction to the study of medicinal plants.
Production, processing and preservation of medicinal plants.
Collection of medicinal plants
Secretory structures of plants
Synthesis of biologically active metabolites in plants - secondary metabolism
Classification of constituents and their effects
Medicinal plants from the families Papaveraceae, Droseraceae, Hypericaceae, Rosaceae
Medicinal plants from the families Malvaceae, Ericaceae.
Medicinal plants from the families Scrophulariaceae, Plantaginaceae, Lamiaceae.
Medicinal plants from the families Caprifoliaceae, Apiaceae, Valerianaceae.
Medicinal plants from the families Asteraceae, Equisetaceae, Ginkgoaceae.
Practical use of medicinal plants.
Poisonous plants.
Get an overview of the most important medicinal plants in Slovakia. Students will learn to identify medicinal plants. In addition, they will learn about the possibilities of growing medicinal plants, the substances contained in these plants and their practical use.
Šmarda a kol. 2005. Metody molekulární biologie. Masarykova univerzita, Brno.
Weaver, R.F. 2002. Molecular biology. University of Kansas
Pastoráková A. & Petrovič, R. 2016. Molekulárne metódy aktuálne používané v klinickej genetike. Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, Lekárska fakulta
Ongoing evaluation: active participation on practical exercises
Final evaluation: fulfilling the practical task
Slovak or English language
- Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA. DNA/RNA extraction – kits vs. classic phenol/chlorophorm extraction, chelex extraction
- barcoding
- PCR reaction: basic steps, reagents, temperature profiles and the optimalization of the reaction.
- Electrophoresis: (how to „read”it) + evaluation possibilities. The sequencing.
- Case reports: cryptic species of Collembola, detection of the prey in the body of the predator, detection of tick borne pathogens in vertebrates,
- Basic sequencing, evaluation, (BioEdit, Mega), creating of phylogenetic trees
The aim of the subject is to introduce the methods of molecular biology as the tools used to solve problems of zoological, ecological and physiological studies, in both theoretical but first of all in practical form.
The course focuses on basic molecular methods used in studies of taxonomy, ecology and physiology of animals (invertebrates and vertebrates). The main task is to provide not only theoretical knowledge, but in the form of practical exercises, mainly skills usable in practice (especially in the solution of future bachelor and master theses).
Practical skills in the following techniques:
- Pipetting methods,
- DNA/RNA extraction,
- PCR methods (PCR, RT-PCR, qRT-PCR) + electrophoretic visualization
- database NCBI (GenBank, BOLD)
- basic instructions in using of phylogenetic program Mega: sequences trimming, construction of phylogenetic trees
Masarovičová E., Repčák M. et al. Fyziológia rastlín. 2. dopl. vydanie. Vyd. UK Bratislava 2008;
Taiz L.et al. Plant Physiology and Development. Sixth editon. Sinauer ass.,Sunderland 2014;
Repčák M. et al. Návody na cvičenia z fyziológie rastlín. 4. preprac. vyd. UPJŠ
Košice 2014
Bhatla S.C., Lal M.A. Plant Physiology, development and metabolism. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018
1. Active participation in laboratory practicals. Reasoned absence can be justified by the teacher for a maximum of 4 hours (one two-hour course) without the need for replacement. In the case of a longer justified absence, the teacher will determine an alternative form of mastering the missed teaching.
2. Before the practicals, students have to study the main theses of the task that will be realized. Students will receive an exact schedule of tasks according to individual lessons at the beginning of the semester.
3. Students make a written record of the practicals. Students will evaluate the resultsfrom and draw a conclusion. The form in which this activity will be checked is determined by the teacher at the beginning of the semester. After this check the task is considered validly completed.
4. Whole pacticals are considered to be finally completed upon valid completion of all tasks. The exception is the justified non-participation (point 1). Completion of practicals is obligatory before the exam.
5. The exam of the subject takes place orally. Students ask two questions and have a max. 30 minutes to prepare.
Any changes or modifications to the conditions for completing the course due to the COVID19 pandemic, or other serious reasons, are continuously published on the electronic bulletin board of the course.
The subject significantly deepens knowledge from the bachelor's degree. The student should gain an overview of the basic biochemical processes in plants. Emphasis is placed on understanding the principles of their functioning and their significance for plants. Acquaintance of students with basic biochemical research methods of plant metabolism within the practical part. The result of education is also the ability to process and express own results.
Simpson M.G.: Molecular Systematics (2019)
Besse, P.: Molecular Plant Taxonomy (2016)
Olson P.D.: Next Generation Systematics (2016)
Wendel J.F.: Plant Genome Diversity, Vol. 1 (2014)
Greilhuber J.: Plant Genome Diversity, Vol. 2 (2012)
1. Active participation in practical exercises. Reasoned non-attendance may be excused by the teacher for a maximum of 2 hours (one two-hour lesson) without the need for substitute performance. In the case of longer justified absence, the teacher will suggest an alternative form of missed lesson.
2. Before the exercises, the students will study the main theses of the task that will be carried out in the given exercise. Students will receive an exact list of tasks according to individual lessons at the beginning of the semester.
3. Students make a written record of the exercises. The students will evaluate the results of the tasks from the practical exercises and draw up a conclusion. The form in which this activity will be checked is determined by the teacher at the beginning of the semester. After this check, the task is considered validly completed.
4. Exercises are considered to have been completed upon valid completion of all tasks that have been completed. The exception is excused non-participation (point 1). Completing the exercises is a condition for participation in the exam.
5. Preparation of semestral work on a topic agreed in advance with the teacher is also a condition for the completion of the course.
6. The examination of the subject takes place orally. Students choose two questions and have a max. 30 minutes to prepare. Any changes or modifications to the conditions for completing the course due to the COVID19 pandemic or other serious reasons are continuously posted on the course's electronic bulletin board.
slovak, english
1. DNA, nuclear genome, plastid genome, mitochondrial genome, nuclear genome size, base composition, structure. Chromosomes, monocentric and holocentric. Ploidy level of plants. Diploids - polyploids. Application of knowledge in molecular phylogenetics and phylogenomics.
2. Nuclear genome. Characteristics, variability, use of the spectrum of coding and non-coding markers in plant systematics. ITS, ETS, advantages and disadvantages of ITS. ITS conformation. ITS cloning. ITS barcode. Single copy genes.
3. Plastid genome and mitochondrial genome. The use of extranuclear DNA markers to solve questions of evolutionary history, population biology and plant systematics. Chloroplast genome, cpDNA and characteristics of selected markers. Whole-genome cpDNA sequencing and use in systematics. Mitochondrial DNA sequences and plant systematics.
4. Analysis of sequencing data of various markers. Methods, software and procedures.
5. Restriction dominant data, RAPD, RFLP, AFLP, application in plant systematics. Interpretation of fragment analysis. Molecular diversity. Advantages and disadvantages of the methods. Codominant data. Single sequence repeats (SSR markers, microsatellites).
6. Analysis of restriction data, AFLP. Analysis of microsatellites. Methods, software and procedures.
7. Molecular cytogenetics, chromosomes, karyotype, C-bands, FISH, GISH, chromosome painting in plant systematics. Flow karyotyping. The use of molecular cytogenetics in solving systematic questions.
8. Biomolecules in plant metabolism and their use in systematics. Chemodiversity. Isolation and determination of plant metabolites. Analysis and use of chemometric methods in systematics.
9. Evolutionary processes and molecular formulas in plants. Haplophasic and diplophasic plants. Genetic drift, genetic draft, evolutionary drives and related molecular patterns.
10. Molecular systematics, molecular patterns and hybridization, identification of polytopic and multiple origin of hybrids. Unidirectional and bidirectional hybridization. Paternity and maternity in gymnosperms and angiosperms. Hybrid swarms, introgression. Reticulate evolution.
11. Population "systematics". Population structure and patterns of molecular markers in relation to life strategies, reproductive modes and reproductive ecology of plants. Autogamy vs. allogamy, dioecy vs. gynodioecy vs. monoecy, sexuality vs. apomixis.
12. Phylogeography, population structure, population fragmentation. Molecular patterns and their interpretation in the identification of genetic centers and migration routes of plants.
13. Molecular phylogenomics, "Next-generation" sequencing, II generation, III generation sequencing. Techniques and principles.
In the course, the student should become familiar with evolutionary processes and with various molecular methods in a broad sense, for the generation of "markers" and their analysis in plant systematics. After completing the course, the student should know the molecular patterns of different types of markers depending on evolutionary processes. The student will acquire the skills to properly design a molecular study in plant systematics, should be able to perform basic analyses of well-established molecular markers and to correctly interpret and critically evaluate the results.
Bhatla S.C., Lal M.A. Plant Physiology, development and metabolism. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018
Teaching form: exercises.
Recommended scope of teaching (in hours):
Weekly: 0/3. During the study period: 0/42.
Study method: full-time.
Number of ECTS credits: 3
1. Jetter R. 2014. Phytochemicals - biosynthesis, function and application, Springer
2. Frenak et al. 2023. Isolation and Identification of Lichen Substances for Biological and
Ecological Roles. Springer
3. Kang J.S. et al. 2022. Isolation and Analysis of Characteristic Compounds from Herbal and Plant Extracts. MDPI Plants
completion of exercises, preparation of a semester assignment and presentation
Slovak, English
1.-2. isolation of substances from conifers and lichens with potential allelopathic effects (allelopathy
on the species Atrichum undulatum)
3.-4. comparison of caffeine content in different types of tea (green, black, white, yellow, red)
in different types of coffee (100% arabica, 100% robusta, granulated coffee), different types
roasting (from light to dark) (HPLC analyzes and antioxidant activity)
5.-6. Comparison of ingredients in a mixture of urological teas and separate extracts
from the plant material found in these mixtures (antibacterial activity
gram positive and negative bacteria)
7.-8. Isolation of bioactive substances from the spices clove, cardamom, turmeric, cinnamon, ginger
(antiproliferation screening)
9.-10. Isolation of polyphenolic substances (plant material, from grape skins), study
antioxidant activity
11.-12. Isolation of aromatic substances, essential oils from selected types of plants and fruits
The subject is oriented to practical exercises, where the student will learn the basic isolation and identification methods (TLC, CC, HPLC) of natural plant substances after completing the exercises. The student should be able to assemble simple laboratory equipment as well as process, recalculate and evaluate the results of his experiment. In addition to the isolation and identification of substances, students will also try bioactive tests such as various screenings or antioxidant activity.
Literature search training, interpretation of actual news in plant physiology, abbility to present scientific results. Increase of ability to constructively discuss scientific topics. Processing and analysis of results using statistical programs. Preparation of posters and presentations. Requirements for diploma theses.
Recommended papers from the studied field.
Successful encompassment of theoretical background and experimental work within the context of the diploma thesis.
To contribute to the current state of the art within the field of the diploma thesis and to be capable of interpretation of the results in a wider context of the knowledge.
Recommended papers from the studied field.
Successful encompassment of theoretical background and experimental work within the context of the diploma thesis.
To contribute to the current state of the art within the field of the diploma thesis and to be capable of interpretation of the results in a wider context of the knowledge.
Recommended papers from the studied field.
Successful encompassment of theoretical background and experimental work within the context of the diploma thesis.
Recommended papers from the studied field.
Successful encompassment of theoretical background and experimental work within the context of the diploma thesis.
To contribute to the current state of the art within the field of the diploma thesis and to be capable of interpretation of the results in a wider context of the knowledge.
Lectures
articles from the Web of Science and Scopus databases
Slováková, Ľ., Mistrík I. 2007: Physiological processes of plants under conditions of stress, Bratislava
Hirt H., 2009: Plant stress biology, Wiley-Blackwell
Pessarakli M. ed., 2011: Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress, Third edition, CRC Press
Taiz L, Zeiger E, ed. 2018 Plant physiology and development, 6th edition, Oxford
1. 100% participation at exercises and their pass
2. demonstration of independence and practical skills when solving tasks in the exercises
3. presentation of results at the end of the semester in the field of biotic and abiotic factors affecting plants
4. proof the knowledge of the subject in the form of an oral exam
slovak, english
1. Functions of plants in different types of environment
2. Characteristics of stress and common mechanisms of stress reactions
3. Abiotic stress factors and their effect on plants - UV radiation
4. Abiotic stress factors and their effect on plants - the effect of high and low temperatures
5. Abiotic stress factors and their effect on plants - the effect of lack of water on plants
6. Abiotic stress factors and their effect on plants - effect of lack of mineral nutrients
7. Abiotic stress factors and their effect on plants - lack of oxygen in the soil
8. Abiotic stress factors and their effect on plants - highly saline and acidic soils
9. Abiotic stress factors and their effect on plants - toxic substances in the soil and in the air
10. Biotic stress factors and their effect on plants - competition, allelopathy, mycorrhiza
11. Biotic stress factors and their effect on plants - plant reactions to pathogenic organisms and protection from herbivores
12. Presentation of the results on the selected topic of the impact of stress I. (presentation of student results)
13. Presentation of the results on the selected topic of the impact of stress II. (presenting student results)
After completing the subject, the student should gain knowledge about biotic and abiotic influences on plants, plant reactions to stress and mechanisms of signal transmission, as well as mechanisms of adaptation and acclimatization in stressful conditions. Practical exercises will provide the student with laboratory skills in observing physiological changes and responses to biotic and abiotic factors. The student will become familiar with the basics of using a spectrophotometer, a fluorescence camera and other small laboratory devices used in plant stress physiology.
.
Briggs D., Walters S. M.: Proměnlivost a evoluce rostlin. – CUP, UP Olomouc 2001.
Mártonfi P.: Systematika cievnatých rastlín. 4. vydanie - Vydavateľstvo UPJŠ, Košice, 2013.
Marhold K., Suda J.: Statistické zpracování mnohorozměrných dat v taxonomii (Fenetické metody). – Karolinum, UK Praha 2002.
Turland et al. (Eds.):International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 Regnum Vegetabile - Koeltz Scientific Books, 2018. https://www.iaptglobal.org/icn
Stuessy T. F.: Plant Taxonomy. - 2n Ed. New York 2009.
Judd W. S., Campbell Ch. S., Kellogg E. A. & Stevens P. F., Donoghue M. J.: Plant Systematics. A Phylogenetic Approach, 4th edition. – Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, 2016.
Simpson M. G.: Plant Systematics. – Elsevier, Amsterdam etc., 3. ed., 2019.
.
1. Lectures on the subject are not compulsory, but are highly recommended, exercises are compulsory.
2. Students must master the basic methods of collecting botanical samples in the field for various types of analysis, work with plant material in the karyological and palynological laboratory and in the flow cytometry laboratory, learn the basic principles of molecular taxonomy, be able to understand articles using phenetic and cladistic methods, he orients himself in the basic principles of botanical nomenclature.
3. An oral exam is part of the completion of the subject.
1. Taxonomy of plants. The importance of classification and the problems associated with it. Information sources and taxonomic data. Morphology and anatomy, embryology, palynology, cytology, karyology, ecology, phytogeography.
2. Determination of taxonomic relationships.
3. Approaches to biological classification. Examples of past and present plant systems. The "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV" system.
4. Variability of plants and its study. Early works on plant variability. Multivariate data in taxonomy - phenetic data analysis.
5. The size of the plant genome and approaches to its study. Flow cytometry. Angiosperm genome size evolution.
6. Parallel and convergent evolution. Examples: parasitism, insectivory and C4-metabolism.
7. Basic principles of cladistics.
8. Cladistic studies - revealing the branches of evolution.
9. Principles of molecular systematics of plants.
10. Basics of botanical nomenclature. International code of nomenclature of algae, fungi and plants.
11. Taxonomic publications and examples of taxonomic studies I. Examples from the genus Viola.
12. Taxonomic publications and examples of taxonomic studies II. Examples from the genus Onosma.
Exercises (they take place in blocks):
1. Introduction to plant taxonomy exercises. Herbarium documents and their meaning.
2. Fieldwork in botany, collection of samples, processing of plant material, practical demonstrations.
3.- 4. Palynological methods. Collection and preparation of samples, observation of preparations and their evaluation.
5.- 6. Karyological methods in plant taxonomy. Sampling, preparation of specimens, observation and evaluation of specimens.
7.- 8. Phenetic data analysis – examples and demonstrations of plant material processing, multivariate data analysis, clustering and ordination methods.
9.- 10. Use of flow cytometry in plant taxonomy. Determination of the degree of ploidy and the size of the plant genome. Determination of reproductive method of plants - FCSS (flow cytometric seed screen).
11.-12. Molecular systematics of plants. Parsimony analysis of DNA sequences, phenetic analysis of AFLP DNA fragments - examples and demonstrations.
13. Basics of botanical nomenclature. International code of nomenclature of algae, fungi and plants. Practical tasks.
The subject of plant taxonomy is a basic subject for understanding modern systematics of plants and its importance for the study of various taxonomic groups, the student is oriented in the used methods of taxonomic work and their evaluation, is able to create taxonomic hypotheses and design a way of verifying these hypotheses. He is able to use the knowledge in basic botanical research, but also to apply it to solving problems in plant breeding, in agricultural practice, in the evaluation of plant biota in plant protection and biodiversity preservation.
.
BENCE, M. et al. 2005. Plávanie. Banská Bystrica: FHV UMB. 198s. ISBN 80-8083-140-8.
[online] Dostupné na: https://www.ff.umb.sk/app/cmsFile.php?disposition=a&ID=571
BUZKOVÁ, K. 2006. Fitness jóga, harmonické cvičení těla I duše. Praha: Grada. ISBN 8024715252.
JARKOVSKÁ, H, JARKOVSKÁ, M. 2005. Posilování s vlastním tělem 417 krát jinak. Praha: Grada. ISBN 9788024757308.
KAČÁNI, L. 2002. Futbal:Tréning hrou. Bratislava: Peter Mačura – PEEM. 278s. ISBN
8089197027.
KRESTA, J. 2009. Futsal.Praha: Grada Publishing, a.s. 112s. ISBN 9788024725345.
LAWRENCE, G. 2019. Power jóga nejen pro sportovce. Brno: CPress. ISBN 9788026427902.
SNER, Wolfgang. 2004. Posilování ve fitness. České Budějovice: Kopp. ISBN 8072322141.
STACKEOVÁ, D. 2014. Fitness programy z pohledu kinantropologie. Praha: Galén. ISBN 9788074921155.
VOMÁČKO, S. BOŠTÍKOVÁ, S. 2003. Lezení na umělých stěnách. Praha: Grada. 129s. ISBN
8024721743.
Min. 80% of active participation in classes.
Slovak language
Brief outline of the course:
The Institute of physical education and sport at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University offers 20 sports activities aerobics; aikido, basketball, badminton, body-balance, body form, bouldering, floorball, yoga, power yoga, pilates, swimming, fitness, indoor football, SM system, step aerobics, table tennis, chess, volleyball, tabata, cycling.
Additionally, the Institute of physical education and sport at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University offers winter courses (ski course, survival) and summer courses (aerobics by the sea, rafting on the Tisza River) with an attractive programme, sports competitions with national and international participation.
Sports activities in all their forms prepare university students for their professional and personal life. They have a great impact on physical fitness and performance. Specialization in sports activities enables students to strengthen their relationship towards the selected sport in which they also improve.
BENCE, M. et al. 2005. Plávanie. Banská Bystrica: FHV UMB. 198s. ISBN 80-8083-140-8.
[online] Dostupné na: https://www.ff.umb.sk/app/cmsFile.php?disposition=a&ID=571
BUZKOVÁ, K. 2006. Fitness jóga, harmonické cvičení těla I duše. Praha: Grada. ISBN 8024715252.
JARKOVSKÁ, H, JARKOVSKÁ, M. 2005. Posilování s vlastním tělem 417 krát jinak. Praha: Grada. ISBN 9788024757308.
KAČÁNI, L. 2002. Futbal:Tréning hrou. Bratislava: Peter Mačura – PEEM. 278s. ISBN
8089197027.
KRESTA, J. 2009. Futsal.Praha: Grada Publishing, a.s. 112s. ISBN 9788024725345.
LAWRENCE, G. 2019. Power jóga nejen pro sportovce. Brno: CPress. ISBN 9788026427902.
SNER, Wolfgang. 2004. Posilování ve fitness. České Budějovice: Kopp. ISBN 8072322141.
STACKEOVÁ, D. 2014. Fitness programy z pohledu kinantropologie. Praha: Galén. ISBN 9788074921155.
VOMÁČKO, S. BOŠTÍKOVÁ, S. 2003. Lezení na umělých stěnách. Praha: Grada. 129s. ISBN
8024721743.
active participation in classes - min. 80%.
Slovak language
Brief outline of the course:
The Institute of physical education and sport at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University offers 20 sports activities aerobics; aikido, basketball, badminton, body-balance, body form, bouldering, floorball, yoga, power yoga, pilates, swimming, fitness, indoor football, SM system, step aerobics, table tennis, chess, volleyball, tabata, cycling.
Additionally, the Institute of physical education and sport at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University offers winter courses (ski course, survival) and summer courses (aerobics by the sea, rafting on the Tisza River) with an attractive programme, sports competitions with national and international participation.
Sports activities in all their forms prepare university students for their professional and personal life. They have a great impact on physical fitness and performance. Specialization in sports activities enables students to strengthen their relationship towards the selected sport in which they also improve.
BENCE, M. et al. 2005. Plávanie. Banská Bystrica: FHV UMB. 198s. ISBN 80-8083-140-8.
[online] Dostupné na: https://www.ff.umb.sk/app/cmsFile.php?disposition=a&ID=571
BUZKOVÁ, K. 2006. Fitness jóga, harmonické cvičení těla I duše. Praha: Grada. ISBN 8024715252.
JARKOVSKÁ, H, JARKOVSKÁ, M. 2005. Posilování s vlastním tělem 417 krát jinak. Praha: Grada. ISBN 9788024757308.
KAČÁNI, L. 2002. Futbal:Tréning hrou. Bratislava: Peter Mačura – PEEM. 278s. ISBN
8089197027.
KRESTA, J. 2009. Futsal.Praha: Grada Publishing, a.s. 112s. ISBN 9788024725345.
LAWRENCE, G. 2019. Power jóga nejen pro sportovce. Brno: CPress. ISBN 9788026427902.
SNER, Wolfgang. 2004. Posilování ve fitness. České Budějovice: Kopp. ISBN 8072322141.
STACKEOVÁ, D. 2014. Fitness programy z pohledu kinantropologie. Praha: Galén. ISBN 9788074921155.
VOMÁČKO, S. BOŠTÍKOVÁ, S. 2003. Lezení na umělých stěnách. Praha: Grada. 129s. ISBN
8024721743.
min. 80% of active participation in classes
Slovak language
Brief outline of the course:
The Institute of physical education and sport at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University offers 20 sports activities aerobics; aikido, basketball, badminton, body-balance, body form, bouldering, floorball, yoga, power yoga, pilates, swimming, fitness, indoor football, SM system, step aerobics, table tennis, chess, volleyball, tabata, cycling.
Additionally, the Institute of physical education and sport at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University offers winter courses (ski course, survival) and summer courses (aerobics by the sea, rafting on the Tisza River) with an attractive programme, sports competitions with national and international participation.
Sports activities in all their forms prepare university students for their professional and personal life. They have a great impact on physical fitness and performance. Specialization in sports activities enables students to strengthen their relationship towards the selected sport in which they also improve.
BENCE, M. et al. 2005. Plávanie. Banská Bystrica: FHV UMB. 198s. ISBN 80-8083-140-8.
[online] Dostupné na: https://www.ff.umb.sk/app/cmsFile.php?disposition=a&ID=571
BUZKOVÁ, K. 2006. Fitness jóga, harmonické cvičení těla I duše. Praha: Grada. ISBN 8024715252.
JARKOVSKÁ, H, JARKOVSKÁ, M. 2005. Posilování s vlastním tělem 417 krát jinak. Praha: Grada. ISBN 9788024757308.
KAČÁNI, L. 2002. Futbal:Tréning hrou. Bratislava: Peter Mačura – PEEM. 278s. ISBN
8089197027.
KRESTA, J. 2009. Futsal.Praha: Grada Publishing, a.s. 112s. ISBN 9788024725345.
LAWRENCE, G. 2019. Power jóga nejen pro sportovce. Brno: CPress. ISBN 9788026427902.
SNER, Wolfgang. 2004. Posilování ve fitness. České Budějovice: Kopp. ISBN 8072322141.
STACKEOVÁ, D. 2014. Fitness programy z pohledu kinantropologie. Praha: Galén. ISBN 9788074921155.
VOMÁČKO, S. BOŠTÍKOVÁ, S. 2003. Lezení na umělých stěnách. Praha: Grada. 129s. ISBN
8024721743.
min. 80% of active participation in classes
Slovak language
Brief outline of the course:
The Institute of physical education and sport at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University offers 20 sports activities aerobics; aikido, basketball, badminton, body-balance, body form, bouldering, floorball, yoga, power yoga, pilates, swimming, fitness, indoor football, SM system, step aerobics, table tennis, chess, volleyball, tabata, cycling.
Additionally, the Institute of physical education and sport at the Pavol Jozef Šafárik University offers winter courses (ski course, survival) and summer courses (aerobics by the sea, rafting on the Tisza River) with an attractive programme, sports competitions with national and international participation.
Sports activities in all their forms prepare university students for their professional and personal life. They have a great impact on physical fitness and performance. Specialization in sports activities enables students to strengthen their relationship towards the selected sport in which they also improve.
To provide the students with the principles of preparation and application of techniques of recombinant DNA.
Old, R.W., Primrose, S. B.: Principles of Genetic Manipulation. An Introduction to Genetic Engineering. Blackwell Scientific Publication, London, 1992
S.B. Primrose and R.M. Twyman: Principles of gene manipulation and genomics. 7th Edition, 2006. ISBN 140513544
Fitzgerald-Hayes, M and Reichsman, F: DNA and Biotechnology. Academic Press, 2009. Third edition. ISBN 9780080916354
T.A.Brown: Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell, 2016. 7th edition. ISBN: 978-1-119-07254-6
Active participation in seminars - elaboration of assignments and protocols for practical exercises completed by continuous assessment (30% of the total assessment), written examinations of the content of lectures (60% of the total assessment), oral exam (10% of the total assessment).
Overview of the basic structure and functioning of biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids), basic concepts and chemical principles applied to biological systems (water as a solvent, buffers, pH), general laboratory techniques (buffer preparation, centrifugation, dialysis, lyophilization).
Enzymes used in gene manipulation (nucleases, restriction endonucleases, lysozyme, proteinases, etc.). Cell lysis methods. Principles of individual isolation units and tasks of individual components, isolation of genomic DNA, methods of plasmid isolation, isolation of DNA from different cell types, isolation and specifics of work with RNA molecules. Electrophoretic techniques (agarose and polyacrylamide, resolution, sensitivity, voltage, color, visualization, different types of electrophoresis. Spectroscopic analysis of biomolecules (general principles, overview of methods and their principle, UV-Vis spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF). and analysis of biomolecules by chromatography.Production of proteins and their purification and characterization (preparation of cell extracts, protein stabilization, precipitation, selection of purification technique by tags) Hybridization methods (Southern, Northern, Western).
To provide the students with the principles of preparation and application of techniques of recombinant DNA.
Oral examination.
The main goal of the subject is to get knowledge on the basic reasons of recent distribution of the animals on the Earth, zoogeographic regionalization of the Earth´s surface and human influence on the faunal distribution in the history.
Buchar, J., 1983: Zoogeografie. SPN Praha
Darlington, P.J., 1998: Zoogeography: The geographical distribution of animals. Krieger, USA
Lomolino M.V., Brown J.H., Riddle B. R., 2005: Biogeography. Sinauer Associates, 1-845
Plesník, P., Zatkalík, F., 1996: Biogeografia. Vysokoškolské skriptá, PríFUK Bratislava
ÚBEV/ZO1/03
ÚBEV/VEK1/03
ÚBEV/ZOO1/03
active participation in seminars
preparation of the oral presentation to the selected topic
semestral written test
Active participation in seminars.
Preparation of oral presentation to a selected topic.
Completion of two semestral written examinations.
Oral examination.
This course will review our current understanding of the patterns of animal distribution and the processes that influence distributions of species and their attributes. Zoogeography will integrate information on the historical and current ecology, genetics, and physiology of animals and their interaction with environmental processes (continental drift, climate) in regulating geographic distributions. The course will emphasize descriptive and analytical approaches useful in hypothesis testing in zoogeography and will illustrate applied aspects of zoogeography (e.g. refuge design in conservation).
The main goal of the subject is to get knowledge on the basic reasons of recent distribution of the animals on the Earth, zoogeographic regionalization of the Earth´s surface and human influence on the faunal distribution in the history.
oral examination