Reaction Mechanisms, Mechanisms of Organic Reactions Reactive Intermediates Ionic Reactions Radical Reactions Bond Energy Reaction Energetics Activation Energy Reaction Rates and Kinetics Thermodynamic and Chemical Stability Aromaticity Benzene and Other Aromatic Compounds Fused Benzene Ring Compounds Other Aromatic Systems Factors Required for Aromaticity Stereoisomers Chirality and Symmetry Enantiomorphism Polarimetry Optical Activity Designating the Configuration of Stereogenic Centers The Sequence Rule for Assignment of Configurations to Stereogenic Carbons Compounds Having Two or More Stereogenic Centers Stereogenic Nitrogen Fischer Projection Formulas Alkenes Electrophilic Additions Strong Brønsted Acids Lewis Acids (non-Proton Electrophiles) Electrophilic Halogen Reagents Other Electrophilic Reagents Reduction Oxidation Radical Additions Allylic Substitution Alkynes Addition Reactions Hydrogenation Electrophiles Hydration & Tautomerism Hydroboration Nucleophilile Addition & Reduction Acidity of Terminal Alkynes (Substitution of H) Alkyl Halides General Reactivity Substitution(of X) SN2 Mechanism SN1 Mechanism Elimination (of HX) Summary of Substiution vs. Elimination Substitution by Metals Elimination Reactions of Dihalides Alcohols Reactions of Alcohols Substitution of the Hydroxyl H Substitution of the Hydroxyl Group Elimination of Water Oxidation of Alcohols Reactions of Phenols Acidity of Phenols Ring Substitution of Phenols Oxidation to Quinones Aromatic compounds Electrophilic Substitution A Substitution Mechanism Reactions of Substituted Benzenes Reaction Characteristics Reactions of Disubstituted Rings Reactions of Substituent Groups Nucleophilic Substitution, Elimination & Addition Reactions Amines Basicity of Nitrogen Compounds Acidity of Nitrogen Compounds Important Reagent Bases Reactions of Amines Electrophilic Substitution at Nitrogen Preparation of 1°-Amines Preparation of 2° & 3°-Amines Reactions with Nitrous Acid Reactions of Aryl Diazonium Intermediates Elimination Reactions of Amines Oxidation States of Nitrogen Basic information: Aldehydes & Ketones Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Derivatives Natural products, Saccharides, Aminoacids, Biologically active compounds Aldehydes & Ketones Natural Products Synthetic Preparation Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones Reversible Addition Reactions Hydration & Hemiacetal Formation Acetal Formation Imine Formation Enamine Formation Cyanohydrin Formation Irreversible Addition Reactions Complex Metal Hydrides Organometallic Reagents Carbonyl Group Modification Wolff-Kishner Reduction Clemmensen Reduction Hydrogenolysis of Thioacetals Oxidations Reactions at the a-Carbon Mechanism of Electrophilic a-Substitution The Aldol Reaction Ambident Enolate Anions Alkylation of Enolate Anions Carboxylic Acids Natural Products Related Derivatives Physical Properties Preparation of Carboxylic Acids Reactions of Carboxylic Acids Salt Formation Substitution of Hydroxyl Hydrogen Substitution of the Hydroxyl Group Reduction & Oxidation Carboxylic Derivatives Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Acyl Group Substitution Mechanism Reduction Catalytic Reduction Metal Hydride Reduction Diborane Reduction Reaction with Organometallic Reagents Reactions at the a Carbon Acidity of a C-H The Claisen Condensation Synthesis Applications Carbohydrates Glucose The Structure and Configuration of Glucose Anomeric Forms of Monosaccharides Glycosides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Lipids Fatty Acids Soaps & Detergents Fats & Oils Waxes Phospholipids Prostaglandins Terpenes Proteins and Amino Acids a-Amino Acids Reactions of Amino Acids Synthesis of Amino Acids Peptides & Proteins The Primary Structure of Peptides Secondary & Tertiary Structure of Large Peptides and Proteins Peptide Synthesis Nucleic Acids The Primary Structure of DNA The Secondary & Tertiary Structures of DNA RNA and Protein Synthesis