State exam contents

1. Environment of organisms and basic ecological factors and conditions. Laws of minimum and tolerance. Habitat, ecological niche. Examples.

Secondary school: Strategy for problem teaching of biology. Create a problematic task to monitor and evaluate the interaction of abiotic and biotic components of the environment.

2. Abiotic environmental factors and their effects on organisms and ecosystems. Biological significance of light and heat. Examples.

Elementary school: Analysis of advantages and disadvantages of individual forms of student recording (table, drawing, photo, video recording). Design a student observation or experiment and a way to record the effects of light and temperature on organisms.

3. Composition and properties of the air environment, impact on organisms. Atmospheric pollution. Examples.

Elementary school: Characteristics of project teaching of biology. Design a specific topic and motivation for the student project in order to monitor the air pollution around the school / residence and to draw consequences for the organisms living in the given place.

4. Composition and properties of the aquatic environment, eutrophication and saprobite. Classification of aquatic organisms and their morphological and physiological adaptations. Examples.

Elementary school: Modeling of phenomena in biology. Characterize the content of the curriculum "Water community" and design educational procedures and tools so that students at the end of the lesson can justify the food relationships of organisms living in the model water community.

5. Composition and properties of the soil environment. Classification of soil organisms and their morphological and physiological adaptations. Examples.

Elementary school: Research cycle in biology teaching. Design a research activity with the observation of soil organisms.

6. Classification of organisms according to nutrition. Participation of organisms in the flow of energy and the cycle of substances, types of food chains. Examples.

Elementary school: Hierarchy and scope and content of biological concepts. Design a procedure for making the terms producer, consumer, reducer available using specific examples.

7. Intraspecific and interspecies relationships and interactions. Neutral, positive and negative relationships. Territory, "home range". Examples.

Elementary school: Concept maps - importance for teaching biology and examples of software for their creation. Concretize the task for students in order to create a concept map of the interrelationships of organisms.

8. Population. Population types, their external and internal parameters, life strategies, population dynamics (population growth, gradology) and population structure.

Elementary school: Discussion and its importance for the practice of argumentation. Suggest a methodological procedure for initiating a discussion on the topic "Causes of overgrowth of certain species of organisms and consequences for forest and field communities".

9. Ecosystem. Food chains. Primary and secondary production of ecosystems and its measurement. Successive development of ecosystems. Examples.

Secondary school: Errors in the formation process in biology. Examples of misconceptions. Design tasks to promote understanding of the concepts of neutralization, symbiosis, competition, predation, parasitism.

10. Communities (cenoses). Quantitative features and structure of communities, methods of studying communities.

Elementary school: Worksheets and formative assessment tools. Suggest at least two exercises for community curriculum and one formative assessment tool.

11. Biocenosis, types, characteristics. Regularities of formation and spatio-temporal dynamics of biocenoses. Properties of biocenoses. Examples.

Secondary school: Preparation of teachers and students for the excursion. Design the content, educational goals and organization of an excursion to study biocenosis near your home.

12. Biomes of the world. Classification of terrestrial, marine and limnic biodes, characteristics, distribution, anthropogenic influences. Examples.

Secondary school: Educational functions of botanical and zoological gardens, educational activities offered by various organizations to learn about the defining species of various biomes.

13. Hydrological cycle, circulation of substances in the environment, biogenic elements in the biosphere.

Elementary school: Compare school biological experiment and observation. Design a task to understand and evaluate the circulation of substances and the presence of biogenic elements in the environment.

14. Biodiversity. Alpha, beta, gamma and global diversity. Number of species-area size and distance effect, cryptic diversity. Classification of species from the point of view of nature protection.

Elementary school: Characteristics of controlled research. Concretize the assignment where students have to analyze and compare the artificial and natural ecosystem in terms of species diversity.

15. Biosphere. Biosphere cycles. Global biosphere change. Gaia theory.

Secondary school: Characteristics of reflection as the final phase of the EUR framework. Suggest three different ways to lead the discussion to three different issues applicable in the reflection of the biosphere curriculum.

16. Microbiology as a biological science. History of microbiology, discovery of the microscope, refutation of the theory of self-reproduction, Koch's postulates. Molecular microbiology.

Secondary school: Evocation functions within EUR. Design two different ways of evocation before teaching the subject of microscopic organisms and explain how they fulfill all these functions.

17. Comparison of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell organization, external and internal cell structures.

Secondary school: Training of basic skills in the preparation and observation of the native preparation. Design didactically suitable objects for observing a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell with an optical microscope.

18. Methods of study of microbial cells, microscopy, staining techniques, Gram staining, culture methods, molecular techniques

Secondary school: Principles of work safety with biological material in school. School laboratory regulations. Cultivation and observation of microorganisms - examples of suitable organisms and goal, which observation demonstrates to students.

19. Physiology, genetics and metabolism of microorganisms, trophic modes - phototrophy, chemotrophy, autotrophy, heterotrophy.

Secondary school: Biological databases and possibilities of their use in teaching biology.

20. Morphology and multiplication of bacteria. Influencing the growth of microorganisms, antibiotics, antibiotic resistance.

Elementary school: Developing students' health literacy in the field of communicable disease prevention. Introduce a procedure for initiating a discussion on the effectiveness of antibiotics in the treatment of infectious diseases and the development of resistance.

21. Archeons, their physiology and metabolism, classification, the most important representatives, ecological, biological and economic importance.

Secondary school: Development of biological sciences and implementation of new elements of content into teaching. Explain the archaeological curriculum.

22. Gram-positive bacteria with low content of GC pairs - streptococci, staphylococci, bacilli and clostridia, sporulation, the most important representatives, ecological, biological and economic importance.

Secondary school: School educational program. Microorganisms in practice. Define the content of the school curriculum topic into two lessons.

23. Gram-positive bacteria with a high content of GC pairs, actinobacteria, mycobacteria, streptomycetes, the most important representatives, ecological, biological and economic importance.

Secondary school: Formative assessment tools. Design two tools to assess the understanding of the difference between the ecological, biological and economic importance of bacteria.

24. Proteobacteria, classification, most important representatives, ecological, biological and economic importance.

Secondary school: Types of concept maps. Design two concept maps that classify proteobacteria according to different criteria and justify their choice of form.

25. Eukaryotic microorganisms, classification, the most important representatives, ecological significance, micromycetes.

Secondary school: Forms of student documentation of practical observation of eukaryotic organisms (including macroscopic). Design suitable objects for didactic observation of single-cell eukaryotic microorganisms, including material preparation.

26. Microorganisms in the environment, microbiology of water, air, soil.

Elementary school: Field work, principles and safety. Sampling of organisms from water and soil. Water quality assessment - an example of the procedure.

27. Symbiotic relationships between micro- and macro-organisms, biofilms, lichenism, symbiosis with plants, nitrifying bacteria, mycorrhiza, symbiosis with animals, interactions in the digestive tract.

Elementary school: Material means of teaching biology - division. Demonstrate nature as an object of observation on the example of lichens. Suggest two different tasks for students.

28. Microbiology of the human body, normal microflora, important causes of microbial diseases, mechanisms of virulence and pathogenicity, probiotics.

Elementary school: Directional research - characteristics. Design a topic and a guided research aimed at realizing the importance of probiotics.

29. Applied microbiology, use of microorganisms in biotechnological processes, ethanol fermentation, lactic acid bacteria, biofuels, bioremediation.

Secondary school: The influence of technology development on the teaching of biology. Illustrate with examples how biotechnology and digital technologies are penetrating the content and teaching methods of biology today.

30. Basics of virology, properties, classification, nomenclature and architecture of viruses. Virus-host cell interactions. Methods of studying viruses. Virus life cycle. Bacteriophage. Subviral agents: viroids, prions.

Secondary school: Simulation and modeling. Introduce the SIR model as an example of the spread of a viral infection.