State exam contents

Mechanisms of organic reactions, reactive Intermediates, Ionic reactions, Radical reactions, Bond energy reaction, Energetic activation energy reactions Rate and kinetic of organic reactions, Thermodynamic and chemical stability.

Benzene and other aromatic Compounds, Fused benzene ring compounds, other Aromatic Systems Factors required for aromaticity. Electrophilic substitution, A substitution mechanism, Reactions of substituted benzenes, Reaction characteristics, Reactions of disubstituted rings. Stereoisomers, chirality and symmetry, Designating of the configuration of stereogenic centers, the sequence rules for the assignment of configuration to stereogenic carbons compounds having two or more stereogenic centers, Fischer projection formulas. Alkenes, Electrophilic additions, Strong Brönsted acids, Lewis acids, (non-proton electrophiles), electrophilic halogen reagents, other electrophilic reagents, Reduction, Oxidation, Radical additions, Allylic substitution. Alkynes, Addition reactions, Hydrogenation Electrophile hydration and tautomerism. Alkyl halides, General reactivity, SN2 Mechanism, SN1 Mechanism, Elimination reaction (E1, E2). Alcohols, reactions of alcohols, nuclephilic susbtitution, elimination reactions, Oxidation of alcohols, Reactions of phenols, Acidity of phenols, Ring Substitution of phenols. Amines, Basicity of nitrogen compounds, Important reagent bases reactions of amines, Preparation of 1°-Amines, Preparation of 2° and 3°-Amines, Reactions with nitrous acid, Reactions of aryl diazonium intermediates, Elimination reactions of amines. Aldehydes and Ketones, Carboxylic acids, Carboxylic derivatives. Natural products, saccharides, Aminoacids, Biologically active compounds. Properties of aldehydes and ketones, Reversible addition reactions, Hydration and hemiacetal formation, Acetal formation, Imine formation, Enamine formation, Cyanohydrin formation, Irreversible addition reactions of complex metal hydrides, Organometallic reagents, Carbonyl group modification, Wolff-Kishner reduction Clemmensen reduction, Hydrogenolysis of thioacetals, Mechanism of electrophilic alpha-substitution, The Aldol reaction, Ambident enolate anions, Alkylation of enolate anions. Carboxylic acids, Carboxylic derivatives, Physical properties, preparation of carboxylic acids, reactions of carboxylic acids salt, Reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives, Acyl group substitution, Reductions, Metal hydride reduction, Reaction with organometallic reagents, The Claisen condensation. Saccharides, monosaccharides, stereochemistry of saccharides, Fischer and Haworth projection Conformation of monosaccharides, Reaction of momosaccharides, oxidation, reduction, glycosidic bond formation. Amino acids, alpha-amino acids, Reactions of amino acids, Synthesis of amino acids, Peptides and proteins, Synthesis of peptides. Nucleic Acids , Nucleosides and nucleotides, The primary structure of DNA, The secondary and tertiary structures of DNA.